10 FACTS ABOUT THE HONEY BEE

There are approximately 20,000 known species of bees. Only seven of those are recognised as species of honey bee, although there is a total of 44 subspecies. They are distinguished by the production and storage of honey, along with the construction of perennial, colonial nests made from wax.

1. Honey bees appear to originate from South and South East Asia, as all but one of the species are native to that region. Most species of honey bee have been cultured for their production of honey and beeswax, with only two species being truly domesticated.

2. There is only one documented fossil species of honey bee – ‘Apis Nearctica’; a single 14 million year old specimen found in Nevada.

3. There are no honey bees that are native to North or South America. European colonists brought the dark bee to the Americas, followed later by the introduction of Italian bees.

4. Africanized honey bees are better known colloquially as ‘killer bees’. They are hybrids between European stock and one of the African subspecies. They are more resistant to disease and are better foragers. Small swarms of Africanized honey bees take over European honey beehives by invading the hive, killing the queen and installing their own queen.

5. Two species of bee are used by beekeepers – ‘A. Mellifera’ and ‘A. Cerana’. They are maintained, fed and transported by the beekeepers from field to field as the crops need pollinating.

6. Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) is the name given to the abnormally high die-offs of the European honey bee colonies. Research evidence suggests this is a ‘syndrome’, rather than a ‘disease’, as it is caused by a combination of factors – including impaired protein production in cells.

7. A colony of bees consists of only one queen bee, along with a few thousand fertile, male drone bees and a seasonally variable population of sterile, female worker bees.

8. The queen bee can choose whether to fertilize the egg she is laying – usually dependent on what cell she is laying the egg in. Unfertilized eggs develop into Drones, whilst fertilized eggs develop into female worker orQueen bees.

9. Larvae are initially fed with royal jelly. This is produced by worker bees and secreted from glands in their pharynx. Later this is switched to pollen and honey, except in the case of larvae destined to become Queen bees – they are fed on royal jelly throughout their growing life.

10. Young worker bees clean the hive and feed the larvae. As they get older they progress onto other within-colony tasks, including guarding the hive before eventually spending the rest of her life as a forager.

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TIPS ON HOW TO START A RECESSION PROOF BUSINESS AT HOME

With little sign that the current economic downturn is going to improve, more and more ordinary people are striking out alone and starting to run their ownbusinesses from home. Given that the majority of working class people don’t have much disposable income, many of these new ventures are failing due to offering products or services which are simply too expensive. That’s why it’s essential to choose a business which is recession proof. They do exist, and thousands of people are taking advantage of the recession by offering affordable products and services that meet the needs of today’s demanding public. Not only this, but they are meeting this need and earning money from the comfort of their own homes.

Make a Business Plan

Even if you don’t put pen to paper, you need to think things through thoroughly to determine the best business idea. Look for gaps in the market and things which are popular but have the potential for expansion. For example, because so many people are running businesses from home, there is demand for web designers, virtual personal assistants and accounts advice. If any of these business ideas interest you, it’s never too late to go and get the qualifications that you will need to start up on your own.

When you think about your business plan you need to consider whether there are any options for growth and look to the future to see whether your business could cope with any possible changes. You need to be brutally honest with yourself and try and think analytically, although it’s also important to trust your gut instinct to a certain degree; if you have a good, positive feeling about the business then you may regret it later on if you don’t give it a try.

Promote Your Home Business

You can advertise your business for free if you use your imagination. Writing your own e-book could give credibility to your business concept. I would let potential customers and clients know that you exist and what you are offering. Use this e-book as a platform to launch your long term vision for the future. Use it to inform readers about your new products or services and showcase your abilities which will help attract customers.

Alternatively you can spend a little money and place an advertisement somewhere or hire a freelance journalist to write a piece about you and your exciting new business venture. Start off with the local press and when your business really begins to take off you can perhaps set aside additional funds for an ongoing advertising budget.

Selecting Recession Proof Businesses

Examine the talents or skills that you have. If you feel that your skills are a little rusty then you can always do a refresher style course at a local college or enrol for an online course. Once you have identified where your strengths lie, you are ready to try and start your own recession proof home enterprise.

Statistics show that franchising is on the increase so this is an area which you may consider. Look for franchise opportunities which are growing steadily such as online travel companies, web design or anything to do with the pet industry. If you have a good business brain then perhaps you could start off your own business coaching business to help other potential franchisees or entrepreneurs reach their goals.

Look out for a business which may offer additional niches which could potentially increase your earnings by allowing you to extend the products or services that you provide. For example, if you were to offer business coaching then perhaps you could also offer an auditing service where you advise clients about their taxes etc.

Tools you will need to get started

No matter what line of business you decide to branch out into you, will need access to a computer or laptop. This piece of equipment will hold all of your business details from accounts to customer details and will allow you to run your home business more efficiently. You will also need access to the internet, a cell phone and any stock which you may require in order to run your business.

You must adopt a high level of professionalism with your clients so that you come across as a business which is trustworthy and reliable. You need to be extremely focused, fairly outgoing, hard working, doggedly determined and have a keen interest in networking. Be mindful about every task which you carry out and treat every single client with the exact same level of politeness and friendliness, regardless of their own demeanour. Think of every contact that you make as a potential customer for your growing business. Practicing this ethos when running recession proof businesses will ultimately lead you to greater success.

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BUTTERFLIES THE BEAUTIFUL INSECTS

The colorful insects of butterflies are widely distributed in nature. They have four stages in their life cycles. The egg, the larva, the pupa and the adult are the four. Very often, they are useful insects as they help pollinate flowers of some plants. However, larvae of some species of these insects damage crops by feeding on them. Most butterflies have colorful wings and their flight is fluttering. Some of them migrate long distances.

The butterfly eggs are laid on the underside of leaves and they are covered with strong shells. The shell is again covered with a layer of wax to protect the eggs from drying out. The eggs are glued on to the leaf with glue. Different butter fly species use different plants to lay eggs. Normally, the eggs hatch after a few weeks. However, in temperate regions the eggs laid close to winter will only hatch during spring.

When the eggs of butterflies hatch, the larvae emerge. It spends its entire life time looking for food. Normally, it will eat the plant on which the eggs are laid. In the life of a caterpillar there are stages called instars. At the end of each stage the caterpillar will shed its outer skin like layer. The wings will develop at the last stage. Before that it will develop three pairs of legs.

At the last stages of the larva, the wings are visible from the outside. When the larva comes to this stage it will stop feeding and will go in search of a place to spend its life as a pupa. It will attach itself to the underside of a leaf and go into the pupa stage. The wings will develop in this stage but they will be pleated and packed tightly. Anytime the grown up butterfly emerges, the wings will harden allowing it t fly.

When the adult butterfly emerges it is not able to fly. It has to wait until theblood supply is provided to the wings and until the wings dry up. This process may take from one to three hours. These insects are extremely vulnerable for predators during this time. Once the four wings are dried up, they are able to fly.

Butterflies have tiny scales on their wings. These scales are the ones that provide them with colors. Melanins are the chemical compounds that color these scales. However, blue, green and red colors as well as iridescence are brought about by the structure of the scales and not by pigments.

Butterflies are beautiful insects that have awkward flights. They decoratehome gardens during summer. They also help trees to bear fruit by pollinating flowers. However, their larvae could also damage your crops.

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GLOBAL WARMING AND WATER QUALITY

Every day, we are bombarded with news from a variety of sources: from newspapers to Web sites to television to friends. With the 24-hour news cycle, it can be difficult for the average person to filter through all this information. This can be even more frustrating when it comes to news that directly impacts you and your family.

With the flood of information on global warming and its effects on the environment, it can seem as if the average consumer is being left out. The news tends to concentrate more on the macro level and not specifically on how global warming does and can affect individuals and families.

Families throughout the country enjoy the outdoors-boating, swimming, camping, hiking, etc. But with the potential damage that global climate change can have on our outdoor fun, it’s essential for us all to understand the extent of the damage that could occur.

What is the impact, if any, of global warming on water quality? Is the impact detrimental or negligible? How is the average family affected by the effects of global climate change?

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the impact of global warming on water quality could be substantial. In a report titled “Environmental Quality and Recreation,” some of their findings demonstrate just how important protecting the environment is. Here are some of the study’s findings:

If river flows decrease and temperatures continue to rise (as a result of global climate change), water quality in the nation’s rivers, bays and lakes could suffer. In rivers where the flows decrease, “pollution concentrations will rise because there will be less water to dilute the pollutants.”

This would ultimately require sewage treatments plants and other water pollution controls to be upgraded-in an effort to protect against the quantity of pollutants. The cost for these upgrades would be substantial.
Some argue that global warming will lead to increased severity of storms. In this case, with even more severe rainstorms, chemical runoff from farms, lawns, streets-and into lakes, rivers and bays-would increase. This increase would result in a myriad of additional problems.

If the amount of dissolved oxygen in the nation’s water system is reduced, it could effectively suffocate fish, thus impacting a food source for many Americans.

“Climate change could increase the salinity of some water bodies” (same source as above).
These and a host of other problems from global climate change will affect the nation’s water quality. With something as vital at the nation’s water, it’s critical average consumers know as much as possible, thus increasing their ability to protect themselves and their families.

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THE EFFECT OF GAS PRICES ON THE ECONOMY

The USA consumes 400 million gallons of gasoline every day. This with the burgeoning demand from developing nations such as China for gas, has pushed gas prices to record highs, and having an all-pervasive and on-balance a damaging effect on the US economy.

Gas prices in the USA/Canada often vary significantly between gas stations and supermarket gas pumps. In many areas, gas prices can vary by 20-30 cents per gallon or maybe at times even more within a small area. This makes that most motorists in the USA/Canada are shopping around to find the best deals on gas, but are still paying a lot more for it.

High gas prices make people stop and think about their commute. This will affect the US economy by reducing value of properties in outer commuting zones around the cities, and depress rural property values.

Analysts were predicting a gallon of regular to climb as high as $4.50 a gallon in California by Easter 2011. But these same analysts are saying that if you think gasoline is expensive now, just wait until next year! A combination of growing global-demand and rising U.S. fuel exports could send gasoline prices to further record highs in 2012, analysts say.

The effects of such big cost hikes will reduce available spending money for all those on average wages and below who need to travel significant distances in their cars, and this will further depress the US economy when this cash gets diverted away from a myriad of local spending decisions affecting local businesses from restaurants to children’s shoe shops.

Cars now are more fuel-efficient than they were in the 90s, so car owners can reduce your spending on gas by choosing fuel efficient vehicles. This is making US car manufacturers and car importers develop and extend their low fuel vehicle ranges. But, US car manufacturers have been slower than others, such as the Japanese marques, to develop some of the most innovatory fuel efficient vehicles such as the hybrid engine vehicles. This will tend to raise car imports to the detriment of the US economy until the US manufacturers catch-up.

It is not all bad news though. Companies that own oilfield reserves will be seeing the value of their resources growing, and businesses that are connected with the renewable energy market are growing rapidly right across the range of renewable energy sources from wind, to thermal energy, and of course that most popular of renewable sources which is solar. Renewable energy companies are growing fast and employing increased numbers of staff.

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What’s the job?

accountant                             clerk                                        personnel officer

advertising executive             computer operator                R&D Manager

assembly person                    draughtsperson                     receptionist

chauffeur                               motor mechanic                     salesperson

You will be in charge of a team of highly creative individuals delivering new quality products and enhancing our existing range.

1. personnel officer

With particular responsibilities for recruitment and selection. Communication skills and a pragmatic approach to problem solving essential.

2. R&D Manager

With mechanical design experience to work as a member of a team producing designs and drawings for production. Experience of our products range is not essential.

3. draughtperson

Duties include filing, mailing, relief reception and other general office work.

4.  receptionist

Needed for night shift. Clean modern factory. Varied work. Good eyesight essential.

5. assembly person

Successful applicant will be articulate and presentable. Remuneration includes retainer and car allowance plus commission structure.

6. salesperson

Reporting directly to Managing Director. You will take over financial control for all aspects of daily operation.

7. accountant

Sober habits, clean driving licence, able to be on call 7 days per week at times. Uniform supplied.

8. chauffeur

Must be experienced in the repair and maintenance of heavy duty vehicles. References must be provided from previous employers.

9. motor mechanic

You are the first person our clients will meet so you need to be friendly, stylish and efficient.

10. clerk

Some experience in the above-mentioned software is essential but training will be given to the successful applicant.

11. computer operator

You will be an essential member of an agency responsible for some of the country’s top accounts. You will be responsible for the administration of local and national promotions.

12. advertising executive

As you were reading the advertisements, did you notice word partnerships such as financial control and communication skills?

Look through the advertisements again and see how many more you can find.

Complete each of the sentences below with a suitable word partnership taken from the advertisements.

1. We’re looking for new products to add to our selling list.
2. She’s an advertising executive of this team. We can’t do without her.
3. You get more money if you work on the advertising company but it ruins your social life.
4. He had a very good idea to solving problems.
5. I didn’t get the job as a driver as I didn’t have a driving license.
6. My concern are health and safety but I’m also concerned with the general welfare of employees.

Banking Services

Fill each blank in the text with the correct word or phrase. Choose from the following list. Use each item once only.

Commission               issued                          statement                    credit rating

Debited                       outstanding                withdraw                    credit transfer

in full                          salaries                        banker’s draft           financial institutions

interest                        slip                              cash dispenser            standing order

Bank offers many services to business and their customers. Here are some of the most common:

Many people now have a card which enables them to 1. withdraw money from a 2. cash dispenser. You feed your card into the machine and key in your PIN (personal identification number) and the amount of money you want. If you have enough in your account, the money requested will be 3. issued up to a daily limit. Your account is automatically 4. debited for the amount you have drawn out.

Provided you have a sound 5. credit rating, you can get a credit card from a bank and other 6. financial institution. To obtain goods or services, you present your card and sign a special voucher. When it receives the voucher, the credit card company pays the trader (less a 7. commission) and then send you a monthly 8. slip. Depending on the type of card you have, you will either have to pay 9. in full or be able to pay part of what is owed and pay 10. interest in the balance left 11. statement.

 If you need to make fixed payments at regular intervals, e.g. for insurance premiums, you can arrange a 12. credit transfer (sometimes known as a banker’s order) so that the bank will do this for you.

If you have several bills to pay, you can do this by 13. standing order . You write one cheque for the total sum involved, fill in a 14. outstanding for each bill and hand everything to the bank cashier.

The transfer system is also used by employers to pay 15. salaries directly into employees’ bank accounts.

If you are dealing with a supplier for the first time, a 16. banker’s draft may be used as payment. This is a cheque guaranteed by a bank and therefore it is not likely to ‘bounce’.

Confusing words

1. She works for an advertisement/advertising agency.
2. How will the increase in interest rates affect/effect your sales?
3. My bank manager has agreed to borrow/lend me another $2,000.
4. We’ve had to cancel/postpone the meeting until next Monday.
5. These machines are controlled/inspected at least once a day.
6. My plane was delayed/postponed by an hour due to computer failure.
7. Before coming here, I studied economics/economy at university.
8. I am interested/interesting in their new camera.
9. She applied for a job/work as a personnel officer.
10. Some employees have a long journey/travel to work every day.
11.  The cost of life/living has gone up again.
12. Please send precise measurements/measures when ordering.
13. We expect prices to raise/rise by at least five percent.
14. We only exchange goods if you produce a receipt/recipe.
15. I must remember/remind the boss about that meeting this afternoon.
16. Can you say/tell the difference between these two products?
17. The company is extremely sensible/sensitive to any criticism.
18. There’s some more paper in the stationary/stationery cupboard.